Abstract
我國沿近海漁業資源既不耗水土與餌料資源，又能提供國民高品質且有益國民健康之糧食資源，要妥為管理與開發利用才能維持資源之永續發展，本計劃配合農委會中程施政計劃中之資源管理與保育政策的需求，進行寶石珊瑚、飛魚卵、鯖鰺、烏魚、鎖管、白帶魚及蟹類資源與漁業之管理與利用之調查研究，其目的是即時提供管理所需之科學數據，包括(1)標的漁業魚種之資源實態；(2)漁獲努力及單位漁獲努力量；(3)資源及漁業活動之時空間變動，各分支計劃之摘要如下： (一)寶石珊瑚漁業漁獲資料分析及漁場調查研究 (1)分析寶石珊瑚漁業漁獲量與努力量之時空間變化，及主要物種之空間分布型態； (2)記錄寶石珊瑚漁業採捕物種漁獲珊瑚大小、體長，以推估受影響的年齡；另持續監測受寶石珊瑚漁業影響的同域物種； (3)探勘新漁場，了解漁區外紅珊瑚的分布位置、種類以及推估資源量。 (二)臺灣周邊水域飛魚(卵)資源動態解析及漁業利用與管理之研究 本研究今年度除將持續進行飛魚卵漁業作業報表之收集、彙整、及月別時空分析，了解飛魚卵分佈之季節與年別變異，也將持續收集與解析VDR資料，及實際作業努力之投入與年別變異，做為未來漁政單位管理策略調整之依據; 另配合樣本船的採樣暨水文環境資料的收集，評估飛魚卵漁業漁汛期變動，並提出最適作業期之管理建議；另將持續針對台灣周邊水域的飛魚進行資料收集與資源生物學研究，探討其出現與季節周期，並評估東北部水域飛魚卵之持續生產量，與產卵族群量，暨可能之魚卵總容許捕獲量(TAC)，做為未來本漁業管理策略調整之參考依據。 (三)臺灣周邊海域鯖鰺漁業資源動態解析 (1)進行台灣東北部海域扒網之漁業活動特性資料蒐集；(2)持續進行花腹鯖資源動態之監測；(3)解明白腹鯖生物學特性之區域與季節性變化，探討其分布與洄游之特性；(4)以微衛星DNA法進行台灣周邊花腹鯖、白腹鯖之族群遺傳結構及親源地理分析，作為鯖鰺漁業管理的依據；(5)進行花腹鯖之休漁效益評估。 (四)烏魚動態解析及管理措施之研究 (1)收集分析台灣西部河口不同月份烏魚苗族群結構及種類組成；(2)收集分析台灣周邊海域冬至前後產卵烏魚族群之族群結構以及年齡組成；(3)蒐集台灣周邊海域烏魚漁業特性資料，建立漁獲努力量、漁獲量及CPUE之時空分布特性；(4)進行烏魚族群資源動態監測，並提供管理之參考。 (五)海峽北部鎖管漁業資源之調查評估 進行海峽北部(含台灣東北部海域)鎖管漁業資源之調查分析。 (1)調查臺灣沿近海域鎖管棒受網漁業資源利用之現況；(2)臺灣沿近海域鎖管棒受網漁業活動及漁場環境結構特性之究明；(3)臺灣沿近海域鎖管棒受網漁業主要漁獲魚種鎖管資源之短、中、長期變動特性；(4)建構臺灣沿近海域鎖管棒受網漁業資源動態資料庫；(5)調查分析漁業資源評估所需之生物學參數，以及漁業管理上所需之生殖生物學參數。 (六)臺灣周邊海域魩鱙資源變動及管理機制調整研究 (1)收集東北、西北及西南水域的漁獲資料及生物樣本；(2)鑑定不同時間及地點的魚種組成；(3)更新東北、西北及西南水域的漁獲資料及生物樣本資料庫；(4)分析東北、西南水域的漁獲努力量、漁獲量及CPUE，評估年變動趨勢、總容許漁獲量及最適規模；(5)評估大目袖網在東北、西南水域的混獲率。 (七)白帶魚資源動態解析之研究 (1)本年度的目標一為整理白帶魚歷史資料，以了解過去資源量變化蓋況；(2)製作作業報表，委託不同地區漁民按月填寫漁獲量、努力量資料；(3)定期從不同地區收集白帶魚樣本，建立生活史資料庫。 (八)海峽北部及澎湖地區蟹類漁業資源之調查評估 (1)針對台灣籠具漁船在台灣海峽北部及澎湖附近水域之動態進行統計調查與研析；(2)針對目前台灣海峽北部及澎湖附近水域蟹類資源之漁獲組成時空間變化加以調查，並進行漁船作業漁撈日誌之委託與回收統計，以利於目前漁獲努力量、漁獲量及CPUE之時空分布特性之收集與研析；(3)針對主要漁獲蟹類樣本，量測其體寬、體重等資訊，並進行生殖生物學之研究，估算包含50%性成熟體寬之資訊，並提出管理之建議。各子計劃預期成果如下： 1.對台灣周邊水域之飛魚/飛魚卵之漁場分布與年別變異，及優勢飛魚種資源生物學與產卵生態提供重要之資訊；對本資源之漁場分布與環境影響動態，提供重要線索；對飛魚來游群之特性及其在台灣周邊水域產卵之動態進行廣泛性之瞭解，掌握其漁汛期與可能之變動，並提出最大持續產量與最適總容許捕獲量評估，作為漁政單位進行開發與保育之重要參考依據。 2.加強鯖鰺漁業資源之動態監測，建構資源管理利用之科學數據及鯖鰺漁業推動管理措施前後之生物學特徵與資源之變動分析，完成鯖鰺魚類族群遺傳結構分析、促進鯖鰺資源之永續管理，提高資源生態、經濟及社會效益。 3.瞭解寶石珊瑚漁業漁獲努力量及資源豐度之時空間變動型態、寶石珊瑚物種之空間分布型態；持續累積寶石珊瑚漁業捕撈物種資料，統計紅珊瑚的採捕量、受影響的混獲物種；了解漁區外紅珊瑚的分布情形、資源量並更新維護漁獲統計資料庫。 4.收集分析(1)台灣西部河口不同月份烏魚苗族群結構及種類組成，(2)台灣周邊海域冬至前後產卵烏魚族群之族群結構以及年齡組成，蒐集台灣周邊海域烏魚漁業特性資料，建立漁獲努力量、漁獲量及CPUE之時空分布特性，進行烏魚族群資源動態監測，並提供管理之參考。 5.瞭解海峽北部鎖管棒受網漁獲之物種組成及形態結構，建立海峽北部鎖管棒受網漁業標本船之漁業活動資料及漁海況特性，並了解本省鎖管棒受網漁船集魚燈光強度之利用情。 6.釐清目前魩鱙漁業之漁獲努力容量(capacity)，評估資源豐度指標(CPUE)之年變動趨勢。 7.究明帶魚資源與其生物學特性，提供漁業管理之科學依據。 8.究明海峽北部及澎湖週邊水域蟹類之生殖生物學資訊及主要漁獲蟹類之漁獲努力量與CPUE之時空變化，作為蟹漁業之管理與糾紛解決之科學根據。 (1)、Analysis of catch data and fisheries oceanography for Taiwanese precious coral fishery The fishery for precious coral is arguable for it targeted on sessile animals and of high commercial value. Precious corals have been harvested and used as medicines, amulets, and jewellery since ancient times. Nevertheless, precious corals, being sessile, may serve key function in marine ecosystems they involved. It is essential to consider the sustainability not only the population structure of the exploited species, but also its functions in the ecosystem when exploitation of such marine resources. The development of Taiwanese precious coral fishery (TPCF) has been for at least eight decades. The regulations for TPCF was amended and promulgated in January 2009 which aimed at sustaining population structure and ecosystem functions. Although the status of exploited stock of precious corals lack of scientific information, the objectives of sustainable population are expected to achieve by rigorous enforcement and penalty. The scientific studies of precious corals were conducted since 2009. We applied catch data to understand the spatial and temporal pattern of fishing activities and catch composition. We also described and identified Paracorallium japonicum and Corallium konojoi from limited alive samples, and preliminary explored the habitats of precious corals. However, it is necessary to establish long-term investigation of stock structure and function of precious corals to support the management objectives. The questions to be addressed in this study are: (1) to analyze the spatial and temporal pattern in catch, effort and abundance data for the fishery and explore the annual trend; (2) to analyze population structure of target species and species composition of by-catch; (3) to maintain and update the database of catch-effort data. The working groups and items are: A. Fisheries data analysis 1) To analyze spatial pattern and temporal trend of catch (by species and category) and fishing efforts from 2009 to 2013; 2) To analyze spatial pattern of target species (live colony); 3) To compare the data from logbook and landing and explore the possible causes for the difference; 4) To collect and verify the logbook data in 2014. B. Biological data analysis 1) To collect specimens and improve the identification of species of precious corals; 2) To identify and analyze the species from by-catch and assess the ecosystem impacts by the fishing gears; 3) To collect morphological data and explore population size structure of target species; 4) To explore the precious coral abundance in the waters outside DFG regions. The expected results are, 1) To understand the spatial and temporal patterns in effort and CPUE of Taiwanese precious coral fishery; 2) To understand the spatial distribution patterns of precious coral species; 3) To understand the species composition, catch by species and bycatch by species; 4) To understand the distribution and abundance of precious corals outside the DFG regions; 5) To maintain the database of catch-effort data of Taiwanese precious coral fishery. (2)、Studies on the dynamics, utilization and management of flyingfish and flyingfish roe fisheries in surrounding waters of Taiwan This research aims to examine the fishing season, fishing grounds and the associated environmental factors of flying fish and flying fish roe fisheries in coastal waters off Taiwan. The logbook, sampling vessel, in combination with environmental data will be collected, used and examined in details for monitor accuracy of catch reports and management effectiveness, as well as understanding the dynamics of the fisheries and their annual variations. The occurrence of flying fish species, and fisheries biology of the dominant species will also be collected continuously using experimental vessels and port samplings to evaluate the extension and variations of the fishing season and annual changes of the biological characteristics of spawning adults. The spawning biomass, sustainable yield, and an appropriate total allowable catch, as well as the most appropriate fishing season for the flying fish roe fishery also will be evaluated and suggested for fulfill the management needs of this resource. (3)、Assessment of mackerel and scad fishery resources in the waters of Taiwan Mackerel fisheries is one of most important offshore fishery in Taiwan, and consequently the sustainability of its natural resource has been a focal issue for the fisheries industry. The present study aims to explore the fishery effort and catches of large purse seine (Japanese type) and tiger net (Taiwanese type). In addition, specimens were collected for reproductive biology studies and analysis of the genetic structure, and von Bertalanffy growth equation (VBGE) was applied to estimate the stock and biology fluctuation of blue mackerel, on the other hand, effects of selection and managent of the fishery moratorium will be analyze in this study. (4)、Research on Mullet population dynamic and management measure Mullet is one of the most important fishery in Taiwan western coastal area during winter season. However, mullet fishery catch decreased dramatically in recent year, and the main fishing ground is moved according to climate change and its effect on oceanography. Present project aims to collect fishery data in winter season when mullet migrated southward for reproduction, analyze their age composition of spawning group, and migration dynamics. Mullet larvae that recruit to Taiwan western coast estuaries will also collect and their population structure will be analyzed. Combining fishery biology information and fishery data, current mullet population dynamic will be evaluated and information will be offered for further population management. (5)、Stock status of loliginid squids in the northern Taiwan Strait Resources of squids became less and less, thus lead to the decrease of squid production. The loliginid squids around Taiwan were harvested by trawl and torch-light net fishing vessels which operated major in the waters off northeastern Taiwan and waters around Peng-hu (Pescadores, Taiwan Strait). The species included Uroteuthis (Photololigo) edulis, U. (P.) chinensis, and U. (P.) duvaucelii. Currently, the most researches of squids focused on the relationship between catches of torch-light fishery and fishing environments, as well as biological study of squids which caught by torch-light fishery in the waters off northeastern Taiwan. The life-history parameters and migration patterns of U. (P.) edulis has also examined while the life-history parameters of U. (P.) chinensis are unclear. The establishment of long-term catch-effort data can not only explore the variability in temporal and spatial distribution pattern, but also can support to understand the migration pattern and population dynamics. The questions to be addressed in this project are: (1) to understand the temporal variation of production of loliginid squids and the contribution in the fisheries ; (2) to understand the biological characteristics of U. (P.) edulis and U. (P.) chinensis (Sampling); (3) to establish catch-effort data and estimate the abundance index spatiotemporally of loliginid squids (based-on logbook). The working items are, 1.Analysis of fishery data (1)Select squids fishery sample households write logbook (2)Establish the catch-effort data of squids by logbook system. (3)Match logbook and VDR data for further analysis (4)Analyze the spatial pattern and temporal variation of catch and CPUE 2.Analysis of biological data (1)Collected squids samples to Keelung, Hsinchu, and Penghu during fishing season. (2)Identify species composition of samples, Make morphological measurements for each specimen and record sexual maturity stage. (3)Analyze monthly structure of loliginid squids. (4)variation of squid biomass over the years. The expected results are, (1)Understand the temporal variation and spatial distribution patterns of loliginid squids in the northern TS. (2)Understand biological characteristics of squids in the waters off northeastern Taiwan, waters off Hsinchu, and waters off Penghu (3)Establish the catch-effort database of squids fisheries (4)Understand on the variation of fishing grounds of squids fishery (5)Understand the Light intensity of torch-light fishery (6)、Monitoring resource fluctuation in Taiwanese Bua Fisheries and reviewing management plan Objectives: The objectives of this project are getting uptodate information to assist fisheries management, including 1) to estimate the stock size of major species, 2) to explore the fishing effort and catches, and 3) to quantify their spatio-temporal variations. Larval anchovy is an important resource for coastal artisan fishery in Taiwan, although harvesting fish at early stages may impose crucial impact on fragile resource, and cause conservation concerns. The fisheries that catch larval anchovy are called \\"Bua fishery\\" in Taiwan, and they utilize specialized fishing types fit to various coastal geo-morph. The Bua catches are appreciated with high prices, resulted in very complicated cases governmental regulations. From different perspectives , both larval and adult anchovies are important mid-way component in coastal marine ecosystem, where they function as bio-energy converter between plankton and higher trophic levels. The fluctuation of anchovy population influences not only the amount of fisheries catches, but also the stability of coastal ecosystem. Previous studies have shown that the mechanism for the formation of apt fishing sites may relate to global meteorological events, such as ENSO and typhoon. The species richness of Bua catches resembles that of traditional bottom trawls, but with different percentage of species composition in biomass. The Bua catch is primarily composed of engraulia and clupeid fishes, however tens to hundred “non-Bua” species are also caught, among which some are of economic importance. Major Bua fishes, accounted by more than 5% in any single day, are identified to 8 species. And, the top 3 species composed about 90% of total catches; i.e., Encrasicholina heteroloba, Encr. punctifer and Engraulis japonicus. Frameworks: Fish compositions in two major fishing seasons of spring and autumn are comprehensively documented, however population size of major species is dynamic. For effective regulate the fishing activity at a suitable level, county governments set the limits of vessel number, total allowable catches and no-catch period (NCP) for their fishermen. In the meanwhile, the licensing time was set to a period of 5 years. Phasing-out of the Bua fishery is also announced that was effective on January 1, 2006 at first. However, for the sake of mitigating difficult position in local economy, deferring was put forward to extend the licensing period until December 31, 2008. In 2009, effective regulation of the fisheries is established to replace the then phasing-out hoping to reduce socio-economic impact. To facilitate effective regulation, the major tasks of this project are set to assess potential fishing capacity, and realized fishing effort and catches. Expected benefits: This project works on three major fishing grounds: the northeast, northwest and southwest in sequences. In the end, this project will get following parameters: fishing capacity, fishing effort, catches, catches composition and length frequencies. We will analyze these parameters to conclude the by-catch rate, total allowable catch and optimal size of the fisheries. (7)、Studies of stock dynamics and assessment for cutlassfish Variation in fisheries stock dynamics can be attributed to multiple co-occurring factors: fishing intensity, climate, ecosystem interaction, and species life history traits. To achieve sustainable fisheries management, it is of great importance to understand how a fish stock responds to the synergies of these factors. In this study, I propose to explore the stock status of hairtail Trichiurus lepturus, based on fisheries surveys in Taiwan (including bottom trawl, set net, and recreational fisheries). The over-reaching goals of this project are to understand long-term stock dynamics of hairtail and provide scientific information for management purposes. Specifically, I plan to conduct the following data collection and analyses: 1) historical catch and distributional data; 2) contemporary catch and effort and life history data. (8)、Survey and assessment for crab fisheries resources in north of the Taiwan Strait and off Penghu The purpose of this project is to survey and assess the crabs resources in north of the Taiwan strait and off Penghu. The main tasks include (1) to survey the amount and dynamics of fishing boats aimed at the crabs in north of the Taiwan Strait and Penghu, and to measure and obtain the size-frequency data of main crab catch in north of Taiwan Strait, (2) to examine the main species composition of crabs from north of the Taiwan Strait and off Penghu, (3) to analyze the catch and effort statistics in north of the Taiwan Strait and Penghu, and to obtain the trend of abundance indices of the crabs resources, (4) to analyze the reproductive biology of main catch crabs in the north of Taiwan Strait.
