A Study of the Movement Behavior for Each Individual User before and after Implementing the Queuing Pricing at a Bottleneck Facility

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簡歷

基本資料

Project title

Code/計畫編號

MOST107-2410-H019-014

Translated Name/計畫中文名

瓶頸設施使用者於等候定價實施前後之個別移動行為研究

Project Coordinator/計畫主持人

Chen-Hsiu Laih

Funding Organization/主管機關

National Science and Technology Council

Department/Unit

Department of Merchant Marine

Website

https://www.grb.gov.tw/search/planDetail?id=12677658

Year

2018

Start date/計畫起

01-08-2018

Expected Completion/計畫迄

31-07-2019

Bugetid/研究經費

973千元

ResearchField/研究領域

經濟學

瓶頸設施等候定價模式旨在探討如何制定合理的收費價格，以改善使用者因瓶頸設施(場域)容量不足所造成排隊等候之負面效果。等候定價模式發展至今，可區分為傳統等候定價模式以及動態等候定價模式等兩種。傳統等候定價模式乃是探討固定數量的同質使用者在固定時刻需到達目的地之前提下，如何制定合理收費架構以紓解排隊等候之現象；而動態等候定價模式則是探討可變數量的異質使用者在彈性時段內到達目的地之前提下，如何制定合理收費架構以紓解排隊等候之現象。有關推導傳統等候定價模式以及動態等候定價模式之步驟，首先將兩種模式之假設釐清以建構使用者之成本函數；接著計算出所有使用者之均衡成本後，再依均衡成本守恆之原則推導出兩種等候定價模式之收費架構：零等候最佳收費架構與階梯式最佳收費架構。零等候最佳收費架構是隨時間而不斷變動金額的收費方式，所有使用者皆需付費，可完全消除所有使用者的總排隊等候時間，達到使用者不需排隊等候之效果；另一方面，階梯式最佳收費架構則是透過不同階段的收費金額，分散使用者的密集出發時刻，可減少所有使用者的總排隊等候時間，雖無法完全消除排隊等候現象，但提供執行者多元的收費選擇性與使用者彈性的付費選擇性。過往探討等候定價模式從收費實施前到實施後之使用者出發行為變化，僅從整體宏觀角度下進行整體使用者移動結果之探討。在均衡成本守恆的前提下，付費使用者將延後出發時刻，而未付費使用者則維持其收費前的出發時刻，如此將有效改善使用者過於密集出發之現況。但在過往研究中尚未著墨於等候定價從實施前到實施後由微觀角度計算每一位使用者從出發時刻、經歷排隊等候，到進入瓶頸設施接受服務之具體移動行為。有鑑於此，本研究將針對傳統等候定價模式以及動態等候定價模式中每一位使用者在零等候以及階梯式等兩種最佳收費制實施前、後之移動軌跡逐一計算，以探討個別使用者之具體移動行為。首先計算瓶頸設施使用者出發率以及使用者出發間隔，接著分析與檢核個別使用者從收費實施前到實施後的行為變動(出發時刻改變、等候時間長度改變、接受服務時刻改變)，最後根據上述之詳細計算與完整推導，歸納出這兩種模式在不同收費架構下使用者移動行為之規律性結果，成為學術的創新成果以及實務的參考依據。本研究成果除了對等候定價模式的理論創新有貢獻外，對於政策執行者在收費實施後之各時段人力配置、操作成本預估以及空污減量成本估算等方面，可提供詳細的參考數據。The traditional and dynamic models of queuing pricing for a bottleneck facility are designed to relieve the queuing situation due to the restriction of capacity of the bottleneck facility. The traditional model of queuing pricing explores setting up an optimal tolling structure under the assumption that a fixed number of homogeneous users must reach their destinations at a fixed time. The other dynamic model of queuing pricing explores establishing an optimal tolling structure under the assumption that a variable number of heterogeneous users must reach their destinations within the required timeframe.To derive the traditional and dynamic models of queuing pricing, the assumptions of the two models are first clarified to construct the user's cost function. Then we can calculate the user’s equilibrium cost and derive the optimal time-varying toll and step toll schemes by the principle of conservation of equilibrium cost. The optimal time-varying toll scheme has been developed to eliminate efficiency loss due to queuing. This toll scheme is capable of eliminating queuing time completely, but has practical difficulties because it requires continuously changeable charges. The optimal step toll scheme with different stages of tolling then can be considered as an alternative to reduce queuing times. Although the queuing time cannot be completely eliminated by the optimal step toll scheme, the diversified tolling and payment options by this toll scheme can be provided to both the decision maker and the facility user.The previous studies have discussed the changes in departure behavior for groups of users after implementing the queuing pricing from a rather macroscopic perspective. By following the principle of conservation of equilibrium cost, the toll payer would be benefited from extending their previous departure times, but the other part of users who did not pay the toll would maintain their previous departure times, and then the condition of all users’ over-intensive departure will be effectively improved. However, the previous studies have no microscopic consideration of calculating the movement behavior for each individual user from no-toll to tolled cases. This study will calculate the facility user’s mobile trajectory one by one to explore the specific movement for each individual user from no-toll to tolled cases under the traditional and dynamic models of queuing pricing. This study first calculates the departure rate and departure interval of the bottleneck facility users, and then analyzes and checks the individual user’s behavior changes (changes in departure behavior, length of queuing time period and service start time) from no-toll to tolled cases. Finally, according to the detailed calculation and derivation above, the regular results of each individual user’s movement behavior under the traditional and dynamic models of queuing pricing can be obtained. This study not only contributes to the theoretical innovation of the queuing pricing model, but also provides practice reference for policy makers in terms of manpower allocation, estimated operating cost and estimated reduction in air pollution cost at different tolling periods.

Keyword(s)

等候定價
零等候最佳收費
階梯式最佳收費
移動行為
出發間隔
queuing pricing
optimal time-varying toll
optimal step toll
movement behavior
departure interval

DSpace CRIS

A Study of the Movement Behavior for Each Individual User before and after Implementing the Queuing Pricing at a Bottleneck Facility

基本資料

Description