Studies on Composition and Food Safety of Bile Salt in Animal Bile Juices

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Project title

Code/計畫編號

DOH90-TD-1081

Translated Name/計畫中文名

動物膽汁中之膽汁鹽組成分及其食用安全性探討

Project Coordinator/計畫主持人

Deng-Fwu Hwang

Funding Organization/主管機關

Environmental Protection Administration

Department/Unit

Department of Food Science

Website

https://www.grb.gov.tw/search/planDetail?id=616193

Year

2001

Start date/計畫起

01-01-2001

Expected Completion/計畫迄

01-12-2001

Bugetid/研究經費

600千元

ResearchField/研究領域

食品科技(農)

我國民間有人相信吞食草魚膽、鯉魚膽、蛇膽、雞膽等動物膽汁具有明目、清熱解毒和止咳平喘等功效，同時中藥房亦利用動物（特別是豬和牛）膽汁調配中藥劑如安宮牛黃丸、六神丸、牛黃清心丸、牛黃解毒丸、至寶丸和速效傷風感冒膠囊等，但在臨床上卻發現民眾因生食草魚膽汁和鯉魚膽汁中毒而導致急性腎衰竭現象。國內亦曾發生長期攝食蛇膽而導致腎衰竭之案例。由於動物膽汁中組成分，如膽醇鹽和膽酸鹽等皆有毒性，而且因動物不同而組成分不同，因此所引起之腎衰竭症及其他症狀，如胃腸和神經症狀亦有所不同。其中草魚膽汁之真正致毒成分，以前國內外一直懷疑是膽醇和膽酸鹽所致，但本研究室已證實係由膽醇鹽5a-cyprinol sulfate所致。其次，本研究室已開發了液相高效層析法（HPLC）同時分析十數種膽醇鹽和膽酸鹽之成分，亦證明不同魚種，其膽汁中之膽醇鹽和膽酸鹽組成不同，也發現雞膽和鴨膽之膽酸鹽組成截然不同。由於陸上動物膽汁廣被國人食用或製成中藥劑，而且蛇膽干亦曾引起使人致死事件，因此本研究擬利用已開發之HPLC方法，首先分析不同蛇膽汁之膽酸鹽成分，以建立由膽酸鹽組成來辨識蛇膽干之蛇種類資訊，並加以監測市販蛇膽干之膽酸鹽組成，以了解市販蛇膽干之主要蛇種類來源，並了解市販蛇膽摻假代用品之種類，以作為衛生管理依據。其次，分析其他陸上動物，如豬、牛、羊、鵝之膽汁中膽酸鹽組成，並由中藥房採購安宮牛黃丸、六神丸、牛黃清心丸等中藥劑，以了解中藥劑中之膽酸鹽組成、含量以及其膽酸鹽之主要來源。另外，調配主要蛇膽干、牛膽、豬膽之膽酸鹽組成，以大白鼠為試驗動物，探討上述膽酸鹽對大白鼠之食用安全性，以作為評估人類短期或長期食用上述動物膽汁或其製品之風險依據。 Some Chinese people believe that eating the animal gallbladder, such as bile of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus), snake and chicken, may improve their visual acuity. However, poisoning cases have been occasionally occurred when people ingested animal bile, especially grass carp bile. Among those cases, the major symptom of victims was acute renal failure. Impairments of liver, gastrointestinal tract and central nervous system were also noted. But the major toxic material is not clear so far. On the other hand, the toxicity of snake and chicken bile juice is also not clear. In the meantime, the determination method for bile acids in fish bile juices was developed. It was found that high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), with a reversed ODS column and a buffer system of 0.3 % ammonium carbonate/ acetonitrite (73:27, v/v) 10min.arrr.(68:32) 10min.arrr.(50:50) 10min, clearly separated 14 bile acids. Based on the analyses of above HPLC method, it was found that the major component of snake and pig bile were determined. The major composition of snake bile juice were as follows: cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid in Bungarus multicinctus and Naja naja atra; cholic acid and taurodeoxycholic acid in Trimeresurus mucrosquamutusand, cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid and taurodeoxycholic acid in Trimeresurus stejnegeri. The porcine bile juice was mainly cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid; the cattle bile juice was mainly cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid and deoxycholic acid. The goose bile juice was mainly chenodeoxycholic acid; the Sheep bile juice was mainly cholic acid, deoxycholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid. Other 4 Chinese medicines were not found to contain any species bile acids. To compared the short-term toxicity of toxic components of grass carp bile juice (GCBJ) in rats. Twenty-four male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups and treated orally every 3-days with 40 mg each of freeze-dried GCBJ powder, 5.alpha.-cyprinol and 5.alpha.-cyprinol sulfate for 19 days. The grass carp bile juice exhibited significant toxicity, and the short-term toxicity of 5.alpha.-cyprinol sulfate and GCBJ powder was similar to each other. Renal but not hepatic failure induced by grass carp bile juice could be prevented by pentoxifylline.

Keyword(s)

膽汁
膽酸鹽
蛇膽干
食用安全性
毒性
膽醇
高效液相層析法
Bile
Bile salt
Snake bile
Food safety
Toxicity
Cyprinol
High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)

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Studies on Composition and Food Safety of Bile Salt in Animal Bile Juices

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