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Use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Meso - zooplankton (Copepod) research: Applications, advances and future perspectives

Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT

標題: Use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Meso - zooplankton (Copepod) research: Applications, advances and future perspectives 作者: Thirunavukkarasu, Subramani; Rajendran, Poovazhagi; Watts, Andrew Gift; Epinoux, Clemence; Molinero, Juan-Carlos; Liao, Bo-Kai; Hwang, Jiang-Shiou 摘要: Copepods dominate meso-zooplankton communities in marine and freshwater systems and form a critical trophic bridge between primary producers and higher consumers, thereby regulating secondary production, carbon flux, and nutrient cycling. Escalating marine pollution, including microplastics, petroleum hydrocarbons, heavy metals, and eutrophication-driven harmful algal blooms and their byproducts, threatens these keystone organisms by impairing feeding, reproduction, and survival, with cascading effects on ecosystem stability and fisheries resources. Yet, conventional monitoring based on net sampling, microscopy, and expert taxonomy remains laborintensive, time-consuming, and insufficient for resolving large-scale, long-term pollution impacts. Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative solution, enabling rapid, automated, and scalable assessment of copepod communities and their environmental drivers. This review synthesizes recent advances in machine learning and deep learning for automated species identification, image-based classification, ecological modeling, and distribution forecasting, alongside AI-powered spatiotemporal imputation and prediction of chlorophyll-a and water-quality indicators to diagnose habitat quality and pollution stress. Approaches such as convolutional neural networks, ensemble learning, generative models, and real-time imaging systems substantially improve detection accuracy, data completeness, and predictive performance. Despite challenges related to training data, sensor integration, and model generalization, AI-driven frameworks offer unprecedented capacity for continuous monitoring and early warning. Integrating these technologies into marine pollution management will strengthen biodiversity conservation, ecosystem resilience, and evidence-based coastal governance.

Multi-transmitter characteristics and functional specialization of oxytocin neuron subpopulations in zebrafish

Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT

標題: Multi-transmitter characteristics and functional specialization of oxytocin neuron subpopulations in zebrafish 作者: Liu, Sian-Tai; Liao, Bo-Kai; Shaio, Meng-Shin; Chen, Yen-Lin; Huang, Yu-Fan; Chou, Ming-Yi 摘要: Teleost oxytocin (OXT) neurons are much fewer in number than those reported in mammals, suggesting that individual neurons may support a broader range of functions. This phenomenon raises the possibility that co-expression of multiple neurotransmitters allows teleost OXT neurons to support various functions. To test this possibility, we systematically examined neurotransmitter characteristics and activity patterns of OXT neuron subtypes in adult zebrafish brain. We found that OXT neurons are distributed across the parvocellular preoptic nucleus (anterior, PPa; posterior, PPp) and the periventricular posterior tuberculum (TPp), segregating by soma size into parvocellular (<= 11.62 mu m) and magnocellular (>11.62 mu m) subtypes. The number of the parvocellular OXT neurons follows an anterior-to-posterior enrichment gradient, whereas magnocellular neurons display an inverse posterior-to-anterior gradient. The OXT neurons co-express glutamatergic, GABAergic and cholinergic neuron markers and show partial co-localization with vasotocin (AVT), while lacking dopaminergic and serotonergic synthesis markers. We also quantified activity-dependent p-S6 expression during mating. p-S6 increased in parvocellular OXT neurons of the PPa and PPp, but not in magnocellular neurons of these regions or in either neuronal type in the TPp. Together, these findings suggest that zebrafish OXT neurons may coordinate behavioral and endocrine functions through multi-transmitter expression and partial AVT co-expression. These results further functional recruitment, with parvocellular neurons in the PPa and PPp possibly involved in mating-related interactions.

Comparative Analysis of Temperature-Dependent Endocytic Regulation of Notch Signaling in Chick and Mouse Neural Progenitors

Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT

標題: Comparative Analysis of Temperature-Dependent Endocytic Regulation of Notch Signaling in Chick and Mouse Neural Progenitors 作者: Lin, Kai-Wei; Wu, Pei-Rong; Chen, Cheng-Chang; Halim, Alexander; Liao, Bo-Kai; Hou, Pei-Shan 摘要: Introduction: Temperature plays a crucial role in embryonic development, particularly in oviparous species that experience natural fluctuations during incubation. Unlike viviparous embryos developing under stable maternal conditions, chick embryos are exposed to external temperature variability that can influence cellular regulatory processes. Notch signaling, a conserved pathway essential for maintaining the neural progenitor cell (NPC) pool, is regulated by endosomal recycling; however, the mechanism by which temperature modulates this process across species remains poorly understood. Methods: To model environmental challenges experienced by chick embryos, we examined the effects of a physiologically relevant low temperature (30 degrees C) on Dll1-mediated Notch signaling in chick and mouse NPCs. Results: Under hypothermic conditions, Dll1 reporter signals increased in chick NPCs but decreased in mouse NPCs, correlating with corresponding changes in Notch activity. Chick NPCs maintained progenitor gene expression at low temperature, whereas mouse NPCs showed reduced expression. Mechanistic analyses revealed that distinct recycling pathways are differentially required for Notch signaling across temperatures and species. Chick NPCs maintained Notch signaling through both fast recycling (FR) and slow recycling (SR) under normothermia and additional degradation under hypothermia, whereas mouse NPCs relied on SR and degradation under normothermia and showed impaired recycling under hypothermia. Conclusion: Together, these findings reveal species-specific adaptations in the temperature-dependent endocytic regulation of Notch signaling, highlighting how environmental temperature influences the maintenance of neural progenitors across species.

Effects of dietary garlic supplementation on growth, survival, and hematological parameters of juvenile Clarias macrocephalus under low salinity

Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT

標題: Effects of dietary garlic supplementation on growth, survival, and hematological parameters of juvenile Clarias macrocephalus under low salinity 作者: Huynh, Huong K.; Huang, Ting C.; Doan, Diep X. 摘要: This study evaluated the dose-dependent effects of dietary garlic (Allium sativum) supplementation on growth performance, survival, and hematological parameters of juvenile bighead catfish (Clarias macrocephalus) reared under low-salinity (2%o) conditions. A 60-day feeding trial was conducted using four experimental diets containing 0, 10, 20, and 30 g kg(-1) garlic powder in a completely randomized design with triplicate groups. Fish fed 20 g kg(-1) garlic exhibited growth performance (final mean weight, weight gain, daily weight gain, and specific growth rate in weight) comparable to the control and significantly higher than that of fish fed 10 g kg(-1) (P <. 0.05). In contrast, the 30 g kg(-1) treatment showed intermediate values. Survival was highest at 20 g kg(-1) and significantly reduced at 30 g kg(-1) (P <. 0.05). Feed conversion ratio, and most monitored hematological parameters were not significantly affected by dietary treatments (P >= 0.05), although leukocyte count was significantly higher at 20 g kg(-1) compared to 30 g kg(-1) (P <. 0.05). These findings indicate a dose-dependent response to garlic supplementation, with 20 g kg(-1) representing an appropriate inclusion level under the present conditions. The results provide practical implications for the use of garlic as a functional feed additive in aquaculture systems affected by salinity intrusion. Further studies incorporating functional and mechanistic analyses are recommended to clarify the underlying biological processes.