Abstract
一、利用牡蠣殼粉開發人工骨粉之製程技術研發
牡蠣殼由96 wt.%的碳酸鈣及4 wt.%的有機物和其他微量氧化物組成，大多數廢棄牡蠣殼被傾倒在公共水域和陸地中，沒有進行適當的處理，導致嚴重的臭味問題，並容易造成細菌孳生影響環境衛生。牡蠣殼含有鈉、鎂、鍶等微量元素，使合成出來的磷灰石之結晶結構及成分類似於自然骨，由於這些微量元素對於骨替代材植入後的生理機能有極大的好處，因此對於合成磷灰石生醫材料而言，牡蠣殼將是一理想的原料。對於綠色奈米技術之發展，需要開發具乾淨、無毒及環保的製程，以合成奈米顆粒。本計畫利用牡蠣殼為原料，並選擇性添加天然桑葉植物萃取物作為表面改性劑，探討水熱法參數及材料特性，目標為發展經濟、簡單、可量產之製程且廢棄物再生利用之人工骨粉。在本計畫第一年探討水熱製程的溫度參數，使用廢棄牡蠣殼作為鈣前驅物的水熱反應，成功地合成了具有棒狀形態的奈米HA粉末。在各種水熱溫度條件下製備的粉末，XRD繞射圖譜顯示所有的繞射峰均為HA相，FTIR光譜證實合成粉末具有典型的磷灰石結構，且具有B型碳酸根的HA。值得注意的是，由牡蠣殼合成的HA含有幾種重要的微量元素(如Na、Mg和Sr)，有利於生物材料的整體生物性能。此外，本技術所製備的氫氧基磷灰石奈米粉末也具有良好的生物吸收、生物活性和生物相容性。本計畫第一年已完成水熱溫度參數之探討，本(107)年度計畫以前(106)年度之最佳溫度參數為基礎，進行水熱時間參數之探討，本年度目標為完成最佳製程參數之確立。工作內容包含奈米級氫氧基磷灰石粉體之材料特性分析、生物活性與降解性分析、生物相容性評估。二、水產再生資材之機能性產品開發暨功效評估
本計畫之目標為利用水產(捕撈及養殖之經濟型魚類)加工副產物萃取其機能成分，據以研發促進鐵吸收、骨質保健之保健食品及皮膚外用劑之用品，並將計畫成果進行技轉。本計畫的工作項目包括完成保健食品與用品之配方、建立體外細胞模式之機能成分確效分析平台、動物模式評估產品功能及確效之測定，以及技術移轉。預期效益為產出加工副產物所萃取之機能性成分的新穎產品配方、製成機能性產品。期望能提升農民契作飼養之衍生加值，並且協助下游的生技廠商開創商機，串聯從上游原物料生產到配方設計與產品開發，協助輔導業者建立登記上市所需之文件及流程與專業人才培訓等，加速產品上市，創造以漁業副產物加值為主體的新型態產業，以落實應用加值、節能減碳、零廢棄物之循環農業願景。三、海木耳機能性成分及其加工製程之開發與產業化應用
本計畫將分析驗證本土食用性海木耳之機能性功效，以及開發降低藻腥與重金屬等技術，提高本土藻類產業化加值應用。除了開發出海木耳多醣萃取物抗登革病毒及抗肺癌產品外，建立國內藻類特用化學品原料的開發技術，確實將這些加工技術移轉給國內業者且實際生產，並藉由細胞培養及動物實驗模式全面探討其具體生理機能活性，相信對基礎藻類食物特別是海木耳的成份結構與保健功能之間可獲得食品科學前瞻性的學術成果。另外利用海木耳等開發具體保健機能性食品，對傳統藻類加工技術水準競爭力增加及產業現代化、精緻化應有帶動作用，希望能因應我國市場國際化開放政策並開創水產食品新經濟契機。同時利用藻類加工開發具體保健機能性健康食品，不論保健功能或產品區隔而言目前市面上並無競爭性商品，因此這項成果預期應可藉以提升生技產業加工利用技術及增加漁民獲益為最終目標。四、農業低價副產物發酵豆粉與頂絲藻粉生產技術取代魚粉之經濟水產飼料開發
人類對水產品的需求增加，加上全球海洋漁業資源日漸減少，主要仰賴水產養殖供應。養殖飼料中主要以魚粉作為蛋白質來源，造成飼料的成本提高，並對環境造成衝擊及增加碳排放，故如何減少魚粉的使用，降低養殖成本，減少碳足跡，建立友善的養殖模式，是提升養殖技術的重要環節。 本計畫第一年已經順利完成運用發酵豆粉取代部分魚粉之水產飼料開發，並透過微生物的發酵作用，減少植物性蛋白來源中的抗營養物質，提升水產飼料的利用率，並建立發酵豆粉運用於水產飼料的標準作業流程，確認飼料中發酵豆粉取代魚粉對不同階段白蝦的成長效益，及促進健康及抗病能力的效益評估，建立以發酵豆粉取代魚粉之簡易且低成本白蝦飼料量產技術。本計畫第二年將評估以頂絲藻粉在白蝦飼料中的最適魚粉取代量，探討頂絲藻粉取代魚粉的水產飼料對白蝦抗病力的效益，建立頂絲藻粉添加於飼料中的標準作業流程，開發低魚粉飼料及生產技術，減少魚粉使用量並將低成本及碳排放，以提升我國水產養殖產業的技術，減少養殖業對環境的衝擊。五、利用漁業副產物開發伴侶動物皮膚保健之生物製劑
臺灣趨向高齡化及少子化的社會型態，伴侶動物市場逐年成長，相關動物醫療保健的議題也受到重視，伴侶動物之異位性皮膚炎，是一種慢性切反覆發生的炎症反應，本計畫擬以蝦類加工副產物為模式原料，建立機能性磷脂質製程技術，並利用磷脂質製備抗發炎生物製劑，以體外細胞試驗評估蝦頭產製之生物製劑，對發炎巨噬細胞分化之影響，進一步與財團法人農業科技研究院合作，利用小鼠動物試驗，評估將蝦頭產製之生物製劑應用於伴侶動物皮膚保健之可行性。 一、Preparation of hydroxyapatite from oyster shell powders for bone regeneration applications
Oyster shells usually comprise 96 wt.% mineralized phase, which predominantly consists of CaCO<SUB>3</SUB>, and 4 wt.% organic matter; minor amounts of other oxides also exist. Most waste oyster shells, however, were locally dumped into public waters and lands without proper treatment, causing a serious odor problem as a result of the remaining attached to the shellfish. The natural-biological origin of oyster shells, containing several trace elements, such as Na, Mg, Sr, results in HA with a crystalline structure and composition similar to that of human bone, with considerable benefits to the overall physiological functioning following implantation. Thus, oyster shells could be a promising raw material for biomedical applications. There is an ever-growing need to develop clean, non-toxic and environmentally friendly (green nanotechnology) procedure for nanoparticle synthesis. In this three-year research proposal, oyster shell biowastes will be used as the Ca source to prepare nano-bone-like apatite powders through hydrothermal method. Alternatively, mulberry leaf extract will be used as a template to regulate the morphology, size and crystallinity of apatite. The main goal of the project is to develop synthetic bone substitute that is economical, simple and can be mass-produced and recycled. In the first-year work, HA was successfully synthesized through different hydrothermal temperatures using waste oyster shells as a calcium precursor to produce nanopowders with a rod-like morphology. In the XRD patterns of the prepared powders at various hydrothermal temperatures, the crystal structure was detected with all major peaks of HA. FTIR spectra confirmed that the synthesized powders are of typical apatite structure, and characteristic HA bands correspond to hydroxyl and phosphate groups. Additionally, B-type of carbonated HA were characterized by the carbonate groups. Notably, HA synthesized from oyster shells contains several important trace elements (Na, Mg, and Sr), which is beneficial to the overall biological performance as biomaterials. Also, the prepared hydroxyapatite nanopowder have better bioresorption, bioactivity and biocompatibility. The first year of the project has been completed discussion of hydrothermal temperature parameters. Based on the results of the previous (106) study, the second year's goal is to explore the hydrothermal time parameters. After the research of the two year's project (106 and 107), the optimal process can be confirmed. The second year's work includes the evaluation of the oyster-derived nano-hydroxyapatite powder on its material properties, biological activity and degradation, and biocompatibility.二、Development and evaluation of the efficacy of the aquatic by-products for functional products
The objective of the project is extracting functional ingredients from aquatic products (economical fish) and developing products for the promotion of iron absorption, bone health care products, external preparations for the skin and technology transfer. The program includes formulations for health food and supplies, the establishment of an in vitro cell model for the validation of functional constituents, the evaluation of animal models of product function and the determination of efficacy, and technology transfer. The benefits performance is the formula and functional products of the functional extracted from the byproduct. It is expected to enhance the value-added derivatives of farmers and assisted downstream biotech companies in creating opportunities for product development from upstream raw materials to formulation and product development. To establish the necessary documents and processes for listing, professional talent and training. The distinguished characteristic of this project is to create value-added fisheries by-products as the main form of new industries. That will implement the application of value-added and zero waste recycling agriculture vision.三、Development of bioactive ingredients and processing techniques of Sarcodia montagneana and their industrial applications
Marine algae is an extremely diverse group of photosynthetic organisms ranged from single cell (micro-algae) to complex thallophytes (seaweeds), and they are also good resources for various bioactive substances. Recently, a number of investigators have found that the extracts of algae present a broad range of biological activities including antivirus, antitumor, immunomodulation and anticoagulant activity. In this proposal, we prepared polysaccharide extracts from a red algae (Sarcodia montagneana) around Taiwan sea area by using hot-water extraction methods and analyze their components of polysaccharides. We try to find new bioactive compounds such as anti- dengue virus and anticancer substance. Since the cell based bioassay platforms have been well established in our groups, the crude extracts or the purified compounds will be subjected to these bioassays. This is a 2-year's project that aimed to novel health food development. In the first year the objective mainly focus on the development of bioactive ingredients and processing techniques of Sarcodia montagneana.四、Development of Low Cost Subsidiary Agricultural Products Soybean Meal Fermentation and <I>Acrochaetium</I> sp. Algae Powder Production Technology to Replace Fishmeal on Economical Aquatic Diet
Aquaculture has now been relied on to satisfy the increased demand of aquatic products and to cover the declining supply of marine fishery products. Fishmeal is considered as the main protein source of aquatic dietary but it also causes high dietary costs. Therefore, the issues of utilizing low fishmeal dietary, reduce the cost of aquaculture, reduce the carbon emission and establish a friendly fishing model must be addressed to. Application of algae powder production is, therefore, introduced with the view to replace fishmeal. They are aimed at to effectively reduce the fishmeal level in dietary, enhance nutrient, digestibility and survival rate. We have successfully completed the development of aquatic feed using part of fermented soybean meal instead of part of fishmeal and reduced the anti-nutritive substances in plant protein sources, increased the utilization rate of aquatic feed through the fermentation of microorganisms and established the fermentation of fermented soybean Powder used in aqua feed standard operating procedures to confirm the feed of fermented soybean meal instead of fishmeal in different stages of growth efficiency of white shrimp and health and disease resistance to evaluate the effectiveness of the establishment of the fermented soybean meal to replace the simple and cheap fishmeal White shrimp feed production technology. In the second year of the project, the optimal replacement amount of Acrochaetium sp. algae powder in white shrimp feed will be evaluated. The effect of Acrochaetium sp. algae powder instead of fishmeal on the disease resistance of white shrimp will be discussed. In the standard operating procedures, the development of low-fish meal feed and production technology to reduce the use of fishmeal and low-cost and carbon emissions in order to enhance our aquaculture industry technology to reduce the impact of aquaculture on the environment.五、Development of biologic agent from the fishery by-products for skin health care on the companion animal
Under the low birth rate and aging society in Taiwan's population, business opportunity of pet has grown year by year, and companion animal health care issues have also been taken importantly. Companion animal atopic dermatitis is a chronic and relapsing inflammatory skin disease. In this study, development of anti-inflammatory biologic agent from the shrimp processing by-product was proposed. In-vitro cell based assay will be conducted for estimation of the anti-inflammatory efficiency, whether the biologic agent affects differentiation on the inflammatory macrophage will be discussed. Furthermore, skin health care effects of the biologic agent on the animal model also will be evaluated by collaboration with the Agricultural Technology Research Institute.
