Toxicity and Toxin Component of Toxic Crab in Taiwan

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Project title

Code/計畫編號

NSC85-2321-B019-010

Translated Name/計畫中文名

台灣產有毒蟹類之毒素理化性質探討

Project Coordinator/計畫主持人

Deng-Fwu Hwang

Funding Organization/主管機關

National Science and Technology Council

Department/Unit

Department of Food Science

Website

https://www.grb.gov.tw/search/planDetail?id=209453

Year

1996

Start date/計畫起

01-08-1995

Expected Completion/計畫迄

01-07-1996

Bugetid/研究經費

760千元

ResearchField/研究領域

漁業
食品科技(農)

有毒蟹類在東南亞各國、印度、非洲和南太平洋群島等地時常引起食物中毒事件,在台灣沿岸珊瑚礁與岩礁水域亦常被發現,其主要種類屬於扇蟹科Xanthidae之銅鑄熟若蟹Zosimus aeneus、花紋愛潔蟹Atergatis floridus、顆粒扁足蟹Platypodia granulosa和繡花脊熟若蟹Lophozozymus pictor等。國外各種有毒蟹類之毒性、毒成分,已知因種別、地域、季節和個體而差異很大;其中被檢出之毒成分有河魨毒(Tetrodotoxin)、麻痺性貝毒(Paralytic shellfish poison,PSP)和菟葵毒(Palytoxin)等;另外台灣產有毒蟹類銅鑄熟若蟹Zosimus aeneus之毒性已知較國外產者低,且其毒性具有顯著的季節和地域性差異。但是不同地域之毒成分則大致相似,為含有麻痺性貝毒之毒成分Gonyautoxins,以及河魨毒和脫氫河魨毒等毒成分存在。因此,為進一步建立台灣產蟹類之毒性乃自1993年3月至1996年5月間,從基隆、台東蘭嶼、澎湖、屏東萬里桐和小琉球等地,共採集9科49種蟹類381個個體所測的毒性顯示,有4種扇蟹科蟹類含有毒性,包括有繡花脊熟若蟹(Lophozozymus pictor)51個個體、蕾近愛潔蟹(Atergatopsis germaini)37個個體、花紋愛潔蟹(Atergatis floridus)8個個體和雷諾氏愛潔蟹(Demania reynaudi)7個個體,而其他45種278個個體均檢測不出毒性。其中四種有毒蟹類的毒性與毒成分均已被建立,而其研究成果如以下所述: 1.繡花脊熟若蟹(L. pictor)之毒性與毒成分:自1993年5月至1994年1月間從基隆和平島採集51個個體,以河魨毒生物毒性檢定法檢測得知,有毒蟹類繡花脊熟若蟹(L. pictor)之有毒個體出現頻率為100%,蟹類最高個體之毒性值為3874老鼠單位(MU);平均個體毒性值634MU(以河魨毒計算)。蟹類中蟹腳、頭胸和內臟等部位均被檢出具有毒性,其中內臟之平均毒性值(15MU/g)比頭胸(5MU/g)和蟹腳(3MU/g)者為高。另外,在月別之毒性值方面則以10月分最高,而其他月分則較低。上述有毒蟹類之個體以酸性甲醇溶液抽毒,抽出液經脫脂、超過濾膜過濾與Bio-Gel P-2層析法精製,部分精製之毒素則以TLC、電泳分析、UV光譜檢測、HPLC和GC-MS加以鑑定,得知含有L. pictor含有河魨毒和脫氫河魨毒(90%),以及少量之麻痺性貝毒Gonyautoxin 1,3(10%)等毒成分存在。 2.蕾近愛潔蟹(A. germaini)之毒性與毒成分:自1993年11月至1994年5月間,從基隆和平島採集37個個體以河魨毒生物毒性檢定法檢測得知,有毒蟹類A. germaini之有毒個體出現頻率為100%,蟹類最高個體之毒性值為10,140老鼠單位(MU);平均個體毒性值3,787MU(以麻痺性貝毒計算)。其中,蟹類之蟹腳、頭胸和內臟等部位均被檢出具有毒性,其平均之毒性值分別為40MU/g、24MU/g和32MU/g,在月別之毒性值方面,並無明顯的差異。另外,A. germaini蟹類之毒成分經上述純化、精製和鑑定法分析後,得知主要含有麻痺性貝毒之Gonyautoxin 3 (50%),neosaxitoxin和saxitoxin(7%),與novel PSP-like toxin(40%),以及少量之河魨毒和脫氫河魨毒(3%)等毒成分存在。 3.花紋愛潔蟹(A. floridus)和雷諾氏愛潔蟹(D. reynaudi)之毒性與毒成分:自1994年1月至11月間,分別從屏東小琉球採集花紋愛潔蟹(A. floridus)8個體與基隆和平島採集雷諾氏鱗斑蟹(D. reynaudi)7個體,以河魨毒之生物毒性檢定法檢測毒性,得知此兩種毒蟹之個體均被檢出具有毒性,而A. floridus和D. reynaudi平均個體毒性值分別為161MU和640MU。其中,A. floridus部位別之平均毒性值為蟹腳8MU/g、頭胸5MU/g和內臟10MU/g;D. reynaudi部位別之平均毒性值為蟹腳3MU/g、頭胸7MU/g和內臟14MU/g。上述兩種有毒蟹類之個體以經上述純化、精製和鑑定法分析後,得知A. floridus之毒成分主要含有河魨毒(tetrodotoxin)和脫氫河魨毒(85%),以及少量的麻痺性貝毒gonyautoxin 1-4(15%)的毒成分存在。而D. reynaudi之毒成分為主要含有河魨毒和脫氫河魨毒(88%),以及少量的麻痺性貝毒Gonyautoxin 2-4和Neosaxitoxin (12%)的毒成分存在。 About 381 specimens covering 49 species and 9 families were collected from March 1993 to May 1996 in Taitung Prefecture, Penghu Prefecture, Keelung City and Pingtung Prefecture. All specimens were assayed for the presence of tetrodotoxin (TTX) and paralytic shellfish poison (PSP) by the official method. The specimens of four xanthid crabs Lophozozymus pictor, Atergatopsis germaini, Atergatis floridus and Demania reynaudi were found to contain a potent toxin. Toxicity and toxic components of the toxic crabs collected from Taiwan were investigated: Paralytic toxicity was detected by TTX bioassay in all 51 specimens of L. pictor collected from March 1993 to January 1994 in northern Taiwan. It was found that the toxicity of this crab collected from October 1993 was higher than that of other months. The toxicity of viscera was higher than that of the cephalothorax and appendage. The toxin was partially purified from methanolic extract of L. pictor by ultrafiltration and Bio-Gel P-2 column chromatography. Electrophoresis, TLC, HPLC, UV spectrum and GC-MS analyses indicated that the toxin of L. pictor was mainly composed of TTX (90%), along with minor gonyautoxin (GTX) 1, 3 (10%). Paralytic toxicity was detected by paralytic shellfish poison bioassay for all 37 specimens of the xanthid crab A. germaini collected from November 1993 to May 1994 in northern Taiwan. The average toxicity of crab specimens was 3787.plmin.2706 (mean.plmin.S.D.) mouse unit (MU). The toxin was partially purified from methanolic extract of A. germaini by ultrafiltration and Bio-Gel P-2 column chromatography. Electrophoresis, TLC, HPLC, UV spectrum and GC-MS analyses indicated that the toxin of A. germaini was composed of gonyautoxin 3 (50%), neosaxitoxin and saxitonxin (7%), a novel paralytic shellfish poison-like toxin (40%) and TTX (3%). Paralytic toxicity was detected by tetrodotoxin (TTX) bioassay in 8 and 7 specimens of Atergatis floridus and Demania reynaudi, respectively, collected from Taiwan in 1994. The average toxicity of crab specimens was 161.plmin.115MU for A. floridus and 640.plmin.273MU for D. reynaudi. The respective toxin was partially purified from specimens of A. floridus and D. reynaudi by ultrafiltration using a Diaflo YM-1 membrane, followed by chromatography on a Bio-Gel P-2 column. Electrophoresis, TLC, HPLC, UV spectrum and GC-MS analyses indicated that the toxin of A. floridus was mainly composed of TTX (85%), along with minor GTX 1-4 (15%), and the toxin of D. reynaudi was mainly composed of TTX (88%), along with minor GTX 2-4 and neosaxitoxin (12%).

Keyword(s)

扇蟹科
麻痺性貝毒
河魨毒
神經毒素
毒性
Family Xanthidae
Paralytic shellfish poison
Tetrodotoxin
Neurotoxin
Toxicity

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Toxicity and Toxin Component of Toxic Crab in Taiwan

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