論歐盟國際私法規則的統一－以國際民事管轄權為例

Abstract

國際民事管轄權，是指法院對涉外民事案件行使審判權的資格。確認國際民事管轄權的法律根據，來自於本國締結或參加的國際條約，與國內法對相關規定；至於國內何一法院能審理相關國際民事案件之法律根據，則由國內法規定。本文所欲探討的主要焦點乃爲前者，即如何判定國際民事管轄權之歸屬問題，蓋國際民事管轄權，關係到國家主權的維護，更關係到本國公民、法人乃至國家的私法上權益，是否能得到及時有效的保護。因此，在國際民事訴訟中，管轄權確認的問題便顯得十分重要。當前有關國際民事案件管轄權的普遍性國際公約，主要有1928年《布斯達曼特法典》、1965年《協議選擇法院公約》、1968年《關於民事商案件管轄權及判決執行的公約（簡稱布魯塞爾公約）》、1988年《關於民商事案件管轄權及判決執行的公約（簡稱盧加諾公約）》、1999年海牙《關於民商事案件管轄權及外國判決執行公約（草案）》，和2005年《法院選擇協議公約》等。從這些國際公約來看，全面性的規範各種民商事案件管轄權的公約，大部分都存在於歐洲地區，而歐盟成立之後，更加速此種國際私法的統合。本文擬藉由討論國際破產案件管轄權規則開始，進而探討涉外民商案件的管轄權規則與涉外婚姻管轄權規則，來歸納以近年來以歐盟國際私法爲中心之國際民商事管轄權規則的統一化動向。 For a court to have jurisdiction over private matters across borders suggests it is qualified to rule on the cases at issue. The legal foundation to determine jurisdiction on private international law comes from international treaties or conventions signed by the country, while the domestic law will then determine which court inside the country shall hear the case. This article focuses on examining the first foundation mentioned, which is to determine jurisdiction over private matters across borders. Conceivably, jurisdiction issue gets wide attention in the field of private international law because it is closely related to protection of sovereignties, legal rights of citizens, legal bodies and even the nations' interests based on the private law. If to name the most influential and significant international conventions about settling jurisdiction issue over private matters across borders to this date: they are Bustamante Code of Private International Law of 1928, 1965 Convention on Choice of Court Agreements, The Brussels Convention on Jurisdiction and the Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters 1968 (Brussels Convention), 1988 Lugano Convention on jurisdiction and the enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters (Lugano Convention), 1999 draft Hague Convention on Jurisdiction and Foreign Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters, and 2005 Convention on Choice of Court Agreements. From above it is clear that European area accounts for most of the general conventions about jurisdiction on private international law. The trend to harmonize versified legal systems has been accelerated after the establishment of the European Union. Therefore this article is planned to begin with discussion on the European Insolvency Regulation 1346/2000, further down to European Council Regulation 44/2001, and Regulation 2201/2003, to summarize the harmonization of regulations on determining jurisdiction on private international law.