Solid-State Fermentation of Grain-Derived By-Products by <i>Aspergillus kawachii</i> and <i>Rhizopus oryzae</i>: Preparation and Evaluation of Anti-Allergic Activity

Abstract

Grain processing produces many by-products, including wheat bran, wheat germ and rice bran, which are rich in carbohydrates, proteins and trace elements. In this study, these grain-derived by-products were used as raw materials to conduct solid-state fermentation using mixed strains of Aspergillus kawachii and Rhizopus oryzae, and the potential immunomodulatory and anti-allergic properties of fermented product were evaluated. Solid-state fermentation of a grain by-product mixture, consisting of rice bran, wheat bran, and wheat germ in a 2:1:1 weight ratio, using both A. kawachii L1 and R. oryzae L1 at 26 degrees C for 5 days, significantly increased the total phenolic, flavonoid, and amino acid contents. The anti-allergic activity of aqueous extract of the fermented product was evaluated in murine models of food allergy and delayed-type hypersensitivity. Oral administration of the fermented product extract (100-200 mg/kg) notably alleviated allergic symptoms such as diarrhea and histopathological changes in the intestines. Moreover, the extract effectively reduced allergen-specific serum antibodies, suppressed splenic cytokine secretion, and mitigated tissue edema and inflammation induced by allergens. Importantly, the extract induced the production of IL-10 and TGF-beta, which are well-known cytokines primarily secreted by regulatory T cells. These results underscore the promising immunomodulatory effects of A. kawachii and R. oryzae fermented grain product, suggesting their potential as functional foods or additives for managing allergic disorders, with implications for future therapeutic and dietary applications.